[back to Module 3]
[NOST 202] Aboriginal Peoples of the North American North
Links to On-Line Resources

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Subarctic Peoples
List from Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6, The Subarctic, and other sources

1. Ahtna

• Ahtna language, from Ethnologue
• Ahtna language, from Alaska Native Language Center
1. Attikamek, "Têtes-de-Boules"
• Location of Attikamek villages - map
• Atikamekw de Manawan: une richesse culturelle dans Lanaudière (Les) (in French) from Canada's Digital Collections
2. Beaver
• Beaver Indians’ Habitations, by Dorthea Calverley at A History of the Peace River Area
• General Characteristics of the Beaver Indians, by Dorothea Calverley at First Nations People of the Peace River Area
• The Beaver, The Foundation of the Fur Trade, by Dorthea Calverley at First Nations People of the Peace River Area
• Beaver language, from Ethnologue
3. Carrier
• Carrier language, from Ethnologue
• Dakelh (Carrier) Language, from The Yinka Déné Language Institute
• Bibliography of Materials on Carrier Culture and History, from The Yinka Déné Language Institute
• A History of the Dakelh , and Contact: A Chronology from Carrier Sekani Tribal Council
4. Chilcotin
• Chilkotin language, from Ethnologue
5. Chipewayan
• Chipewayan language, from Ethnologue
6. Cree, East. Northern East Cree: West central Quebec, east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay, communities of Whapmagoostui, Chisasibi, Wemindji, and most people in Eastmain. Southern East Cree: Quebec, southeastward from James Bay, inland to the height of land (watershed) east of Lake Mistissini. Coastal communities of Waskaganish, some speakers in Eastmain. Inland, in Mistissini, Waswanipi, Nemaska, and Ouje-Bougoumo.
• Northern East Cree language, from Ethnologue
7. Cree, West Main. Swampy Cree: Ontario, along the coast of Hudson Bay and northern west coast of James Bay, and inland into Saskatchewan. Moose Cree: Southern tip of James Bay, Moosonee, Ontario.
• Central or Moose or West Main Cree language, from Ethnologue
• Swampy Cree or West Main language, from Ethnologue
8. Cree, Woods. Far north Manitoba and Saskatchewan, inland southwest from Churchill, Manitoba into Saskatchewan.
9. Ni'Ithinimuk, My People: A Visual Record of Northern Manitoba's Cree People - The Images & Stories of A Native Photographer: Murray McKenzie from Canada's Digital Collections
   • Woods Cree language, from Ethnologue
10. Dogrib
• Dogrib language, from Ethnologue
11. Eyak
• Yakutat History and Native Culture (the background makes reading hard, though)
• Eyak language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• Eyak language, from Ethnologue
12. Ingalik, Deg Hit'an - westernmost Athabascan-speakers of interior Alaska, traditionally occupied territory along the lower Yukon and the upper Kuskokwim rivers.
• Ingalik Indians, from Alaskan.com
Ingalik from Minnesota State University EMuseum
• Inglalik, from Britannica.com (sets lots of cookies)
• Ingalik or Degexit'an, from Ethnologue
• Deg Hit'an language, from Alaska Native Language Center
13. Gwich'in; Kutchin; Loucheux
• Preliminary Study of the Western Gwich'in Bands, by Adeline Raboff, Alaska Native Knowledge Network
• Gwich'in Legends, from Vuntut Gwich'in First Nation, Old Crow, Yukon
• The Gwich'in (briefly) by Jean-Luc Pilon
• Gwich'in - A NOST 202 brief overview
• Old Crow - Land of the Vuntut Gwitch'in
• Here are the News from Old Crow, by Edith Josie, Gwich'in Elder
• Gwich'in language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Gwich'in language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• Gwich'in language, from Ethnologue
• Gwich'in language, from Vutut Gwich'in First Nation, Old Crow, Yukon
14. Han
• Han language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Hän language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• Han langugage, from Ethnologue
15. Hare
• Hare Indians, from the Catholic Encyclopedia (1910); this information is almost a hundred years old, and thus very dated and contains potentially offensive language.
16. Holikachuk
• Holikachuk language, from Alaska Native Language Center
17. Innu (formerly Montagnais and Naskapi)
• Innu History and Culture, from Innu Nation/Mamit Innuat
• References Related to the Innu, from Innu Nation/Mamit Innuat
• Language spoken by the Innu of Labrador and Quebec from Innu-Aimun.ca
• Montagnais language, from Ethnologue
• Naskapi language, from Ethnologue
18. Kaska
• Kaska language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Kaska, from Ethnologue
19. Kolchan: speakers of Upper Kuskokwim, an Athapaskan language. Edward Hosley (1968) proposed that, based on archaeology, a group of inhabitants of the upper Kuskokwim River in Alaska be designated the Kolchan. They are concentrated primarily in Nikolai Village with one extended family at Telida 50 miles north. Earlier considered a division of the Ingalik (see the article in Arctic, Vol. 21, No. 1 (March, 1968), pp. 6-11).
    • Upper Kiskokwim from Alaska Native Language Center
20. Koyukon
• Map of the territory of the Koyukon and neighboring peoples in Alaska, by Bill Jones, located at ExploreNorth.com
• Koyukon language, from Alaska Native Language Center
21. Kuskokwim, Upper
• Upper Kuskokwim language, from Ethnologue
• Upper Kuskokwim language, from Alaska Native Language Center
22. Kutchin; See Gwich'in
23. Montagnais; See Innu
• Montagnais language, from Ethnologue
24. Mountain
25. Naskapi; See Innu
• Naskapi language, from Ethnologue
26. Ojibwa, Northern
• Northwestern Ojibwa language, from Ethnologue
27. Saulteaux, Lake Winnipeg
• Western Ojibwa language, from Ethnologue
28. Sekani
• People Of The Rocks: The Sekani Of British Columbia As Seen In The Journals Of Mackenzie, Fraser, Harmon And Black, by Gerry Clare
• People of the Rocks: The Sekani of British Columbia by Dorothea Calverley at First Nations People of the Peace River Area
• Sekani language, from Ethnologue
29. Slavey
• Our Elders, excerpts from Nahecho Keh/Our Elders. Follow the links to "Julie Lacorne" and "Willie Minoza"
• North Slavey language, from Ethnologue (Hare is a dialect.)
• South Slavey language, from Ethnologue
30. Tagish
• Tagish language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Tagish language, from Ethnologue
31. Tahltan - Athapaskan group, occupying the Stikine Plateau area of northwest British Columbia.
32. Tanacross
• Tanacross language, from Ethnologue
• Tanacross language, from Alaska Native Language Center
33. Tanaina
• Tanaina language, from Ethnologue
• Tanaina language, from Alaska Native Language Center
34. Tanana
• Upper Tanana language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Upper Tanana language, from Ethnologue
• Upper Tanana language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• Lower Tanana language, from Ethnologue
• Tanana language, from Alaska Native Language Center
35. Tlingit, Inland
• Inland or Interior Tlingit, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Tlingit language, from Ethnologue
36. Tlingit
• Tlingit language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• The Tlingit of the Northwest Coast, from "American Indians and the Natural World" online exhibit from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History
• Tlingit, from Smithsonian Institution online exhibit "Crossroads of Continents"
37. Tsetsaut
• Tsetsaut language extinct. Information from Ethnologue
38. Tutchone
• Northern
• Northern Tutchone language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Northern Tutchone language, from Ethnologue
• Southern
• Southern Tutchone language, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Southern Tutchone language, from Ethnologue
• History, from Champagne-Aishihik First Nations
• Tutchone languages, from Ethnologue
39. Yellowknife
• Dialect of Chipewayan language, from Ethnologue

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Arctic Peoples
List from Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5, The Arctic, and other sources.

1. Aleut

• Aleuts, from Alaskan.com
• Aleut - People of the Aleutian Chain, from Arctic Circle
• Aleut literature
• Aleut language, from Ethnologue
• Aleut language, from Alaska Native Language Center
1. Eskimo, Bering Strait
• Central Yup'ik language, from Alaska Native Language Center
2. Eskimo, Caribou
3. Eskimo, Copper
• Midnight Sun: Intellectual Culture Of The Copper Eskimos, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921-24 of Knud Rasmussen, Ph.D. Vol. IX. Edited by Don C. Barnett. (Contains the first 75 pages and some of the photographs provided by Rasmussen in his report.)
• Nadlok and the Origin of the Copper Inuit, from Canadian Museum of Civilization. Nadlok is the only known site spanning the transition between the first Inuit culture in Canada, called Thule, and that of the Copper Inuit described by the first explorers in the western Central Arctic.
4. Eskimo, Interior North Alaska
5. Eskimo, Kotzebue Sound
6. Eskimo, Mainland Southwest Alaska
7. Eskimo, North Alaska
• PEOPLE OF KAUWERAK Legends of the Northern Eskimo, Alaska Native Knowledge Network
• North Alaska Inupiatun, from Ethnologue
• Northwest Alaska Inupiatun language, from Ethnologue
• Iñupiaq language, from Alaska Native Language Center
8. Eskimo, Nunivak
9. Eskimo, Pacific
• Alutiiq language, from Alaska Native Language Center
• Pacific Gulf Yupik language, from Ethnologue
10. Eskimo, St. Lawrence Island
• Central Siberian Yupik language, from Ethnologue
• Siberian Yup'ik language, from Alaska Native Language Center
11. Eskimo, West Alaska
• Central Yupik language, from Ethnologue
12. Inuit
• Inuit (PDF 279 Kb), an InfoSheet from Indian Affairs and Northern Development
• Search for "inuit" at Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography
13. Inupiat
• The Inupiat and the Christianization of Arctic Alaska - Ernest S. Burch, Jr.
14. Inuvialuit; Mackenzie Delta Eskimo
• The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic: From Ancient Times to 1902, web exhibit. Text by David Morrison, Archaeological Survey of Canada.
• Western Canadian Inuktitut language, from Ethnologue
15. Netsilik
• Dialect of Western Canadian Inuktitut or Invuialuktun language, from Ethnologue
16. Iglulik
17. Sallirmiut
18. Baffinland Eskimo
• Dialect of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut language, from Ethnologue
19. Polar Eskimo
20. West Greenland Eskimo
• Dialect of Greenland Inuktitut, Greenlandic or Kalaallisut language, from Ethnologue
21. East Greenland Eskimo
• Dialect of Greenland Inuktitut, Greenlandic or Kalaallisut language, from Ethnologue
22. Inuit of Quebec
• Dialect of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut language, from Ethnologue
23. Eskimo, Labrador Coast
• Dialect of Eastern Canadian Inuktitut language, from Ethnologue

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General and Collective Descriptions

• Aboriginal Canada Portal, digital gateway to information for and about Aboriginal People in Canada
• Aboriginal Peoples of Alaska - History
• The Natives in Quebec
• Link collection: Indigenous Peoples of Alaska, from Murray Lundberg, ExploreNorth.com webmaster
• Canada's Native People, from Heritage Canada's About Canada Series. Very basic; some links.
• Link collection: Indigenous Peoples of Northern Canada, from Murray Lundberg, ExploreNorth.com webmaster
• American Indians of the Pacific Northwest, American Memory, Library of Congress and University of Washington Libraries. A digital collection integrates over 2,300 photographs and 7,700 pages of text relating to the American Indians in two cultural areas of the Pacific Northwest, the Northwest Coast and Plateau:
• "Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest: An Introduction."
• Alaskan Tlingit and Tsimshian - Dr. Jay Miller of the University of Washington
• Salmon, the Lifegiving Gift - Dr. Jay Miller
• Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest - Dr. Robin K. Wright, curator of Native American Art at the University of Washington's Burke Museum

• Eskimo, from Smithsonian Institution online exhibit "Crossroads of Continents"
• Excerpts from Eskimo Songs and Stories. Collected by Knud Rasmussen on the Fifth Thule Expedition. Selected and translated by Edward Field. With illustrations by Kiakshuk and Pudlo. National Library of Canada online exhibit, "The North: Landscape of the Imagination."

• Brief Description of Alaskan Athabascan Culture, by Patricia H. Partnow, from Athabascans of Interior Alaska, Grade 4 Social Studies curriculum, Alaska Native Knowledge Network
• Athapaskan, from Smithsonian Institution online exhibit "Crossroads of Continents"
• Story of traditional Dene' winter home, "A View Of The Past"; "Tetlin As I Knew It"

• Cree/Dene Elders Speak: Tales of Heart & Spirit, from Aboriginal Digital Collections
• Quebec's Northern Crees, collection from Arctic Circle

Maps

• Map showing culture areas of more than 500 tribes of North America before first contact, by Paula Giese

Histories

• "Introduction to Native Groups," in The Arctic is a Homeland by Piers Vitebski
• Klondike Gold Rush Park, Administrative History, Chapter 1, "A Brief Gold Rush History: Native Use of the Area Before the Gold Rush" from National Parks Service
• History Is Where You Stand, Part 1: First Nations People Of The Peace River Area (Beaver and Sekani)
• Algonkin History, from Lee Sultzman, First Nations Compact Histories
• Montagnais History, from Lee Sultzman, First Nations Compact Histories

• http://www.agt.net/public/dgarneau/indian3.htm (Indian history, ugly green background makes it hard to read)

Bibliographies

• Selected References on Arctic and Subarctic Prehistory and Ethnology, from Anthropology Outreach Office, Smithsonian Institution

Languages

• Linguistic Classification of American Indians (Greenland, Canada, USA, Mexico), by John Madsen
• Alaska Native Languages, from the Alaska Native Language Center
• Yukon Native Language Centre
• Yukon Native Peoples and Languages Map, from Yukon Native Language Centre
• Ethnologue, Canadian languages
• Arctic Languages: An Awakening, edited by Dirmid R. F. Collis. PDF file (4.25 Mb, 446 pages) (currently unavailable)

Inuktitut

• Inuktitut, from Ethnologue
• Writing in Inuktitut: An Historical Perspective, from the National Library of Canada
• Inuktitut syllabics from colourlab.com
• Inuktitut from Wikipedia
• Inuktitut Dictionary from Explorenorth.com
• Aboriginalconnections.com

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Amanda Graham, February 2006